Networking Concept

Networking Concept

What is a Networking ?

Networking is a group of computers or Computers like devices connected together to share the resources like files, printers, services etc.

ARPANET(Advance Research Project Agency Network) is the first compute network of the world.

Advantages of Network

• Reduce the cost of equipment’s –
• File and data security
• Easy Communication and speed
• Share of file, Data, and information.
• Sharing Hardwar

What is Internet ?

It is a world wide , publicly accessible network of interconnected computers networks that transmits data using the standard IP. via Copper wire, fiber Optic Cable, WiFi.

WEB–

Web is one of the service accessible via the Internet.

Intranet –

It is private network that is contained within an enterprise

Extranet

It can be viewed as part of a company’s internet. that is extended to users outside the company like suppliers, venders, customers or other businesses.

Component of Computer Network

Node

An active device attached to a computer network or other telecommunication networks such as a computer or a switch or a point in a network topology at which lions intercept or branch .

Server

A server is computer program which is running to server the requests of other programs the clients, Thus the server performs some computational tasks on behalf of clients. The clients either run on the same computer or connected through the network.

• Server is a main Computer on any network that full fill the request of other computer

Advantages of Server

• BACKUP
• Security
• Storage

Types of Server

Network Cable

These are networking hardware used to connect one network devices to other network devices or to concert two or more computers to share Printers, Scanner etc. These devices can be separated by a few meters or nearly unlimited distances.

Network Operating System(NOS)

A network operating system is a computer operating system that is designed primarily to support workstation, personal computer and in a sum instances older terminal that are connected on a LAN(Local Area Network). It can imbedded in a router or hardware firewall that operates the functions in the network layer.

Network Card ( Network Interface Card -NIC)

Type of Network

LAN(Local Area Network)

A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and peripheral devices that share a common communications line or wireless link to a server within a distinct geographic area. A local area network may serve as few as two or three users in a home office or thousands of users in a corporation’s central office. Homeowners and information technology (IT) administrators set up LANs so that network nodes can communicate and share resources such as printers or network storage.

LAN networking requires Ethernet cables and Layer 2 switches along with devices that can connect and communicate using Ethernet. Larger LANs often include Layer 3 switches or routers to streamline traffic flows.

A LAN enables users to connect to internal servers, websites and other LANs that belong to the same Wide Area Network (WAN). Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two primary ways to enable LAN connections. Ethernet is an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) specification that enables computers to communicate with each other. Wi-Fi uses radio waves in the 2.4 gigahertz and 5 GHz spectrum to connect computers to the LAN.

Legacy LAN technologies, including token ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) and Attached Resource Computer Network (ARCNET) have most favor as Ethernet and Wi-Fi speeds increased and connectivity costs decreased

Understanding Local Area Networking

Wired LAN

A wired LAN uses switches and Ethernet cabling to connect endpoints, servers and internet of things (IoT) devices to the corporate network. For small businesses with only a handful of devices, a wired LAN can consist of a single unmanaged LAN switch with enough Ethernet ports to interconnect all devices. But larger LANs that connect thousands of devices require additional hardware, software and configuration steps to ensure the network is performing optimally. This is where the concept of virtual LANs (VLANs) comes into play.

Because an Ethernet LAN is a shared medium, if an organization has too many devices connected to a single LAN, the amount of broadcast traffic — which is heard by all devices on the LAN — can create congestion and bottlenecks. To alleviate the amount of broadcast traffic being sent and received on a LAN, the network can be broken into multiple VLANs. This condenses the broadcast traffic so it’s only heard by other devices within that virtual LAN — not the entire network. This eliminates much of the broadcast overhead that can lead to performance problems.

Wireless LAN

Wireless LANs use the IEEE 802.11 specification to transport data between end devices and the network using wireless spectrum. In many situations, a wireless LAN is preferable to a wired LAN connection because of its flexibility and cost savings, as it isn’t necessary to run cabling throughout a building. Companies assessing WLANs as a primary means of connectivity often have users who rely exclusively on smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices.

The benefits of using LAN

Local area networks enable devices to connect, transmit and receive information between them. The benefits of LAN technologies include the following:

• Enable access to centralized applications residing on servers;
• Enable all devices to store business-critical data in a centralized location;
• Allow resource sharing, including printers, apps and other shared services;
• Allow multiple devices on a LAN to share a single internet connection; and
• Protect LAN-connected devices using network security tools

WAN (Wide Area Network)

A wide area network connects business locations that are dispersed throughout a state, country or even globally. The organization purchases WAN services from a telecommunications provider that manages the operational status of each WAN link. In most cases, only network traffic that must be transported back and forth between business locations is moved over the WAN. Due to potential latency issues, geographically dispersed locations typically are built with their own internet connection. That way, internet-bound data can be directly sent to and from a branch office, instead of having it backhauled to a central office.

The technologies used to build WANs can include MPLS(Multiprotocol Label Switching), Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), Ethernet over Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and satellite-based technologies. Since the carrier typically handles the underlying technologies, to the end customer, the WAN looks like a standard Ethernet connection between locations.

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

MAN stands for A metropolitan area network. In this network all users communicate in an area larger than LAN(Local Area Network). It may be cover the area of several buildings in the same city.

Types of MAN

There are some types of MAN.
• Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
• Fiber Distribution Data Interface (FDDI)
• Switched multi-megabit data service (SMDS)

Where is the man network used?

A LAN(Local Area Network) mostly used in banks, hospitals, office buildings, schools, and rooms. A MAN(A metropolitan area network ) is usually used in cities. The WAN in different countries, cities, and states. MAN mostly used for business purposes. It is used to connect one business branch to another branch.

Advantages of MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

• It is less expensive than WAN
• It is used to send a local e-mail.
• It has high speed than WAN
• It provides high security.
• It covers a large area than LAN
• It provides centralized data storage.
• It enables you to connect many fast LANs together.
• It utilizes the disable advantages of both LAN and WAN to provide an efficient network.
• There is less implementation cost than LAN and WAN because it required fewer resources than WAN and LAN.
• It provides common sharing of resources like printer etc.

Disadvantages of Man(Metropolitan Area Network)

• It is difficult to manage when we have large network.
• For its installation we need skilled or experts and also required a network administrator. They all increase the overall installation and management costs.
• Ir requires larger cable than LAN.
• It is difficult to make a system secure or safe from hackers and unauthorized users.
• The main disadvantage of MANs is the cost of cutting-edge technology employed.
• Technical staff required.

CAN

Deference Between LAN MAN WAN

Network Topology

What is Network Topology?

The term “Topology” refers to the way a network is laid out, either physically or Logically.

Topology can be referred as the geometric arrangement of a computer system. each computer system in a topology is known as node

Types of Network Topology

There are several different logical and physical network topologies from which administrators can choose to build a secure, robust, and easily maintainable topology. The most popular configurations include:

Communication Media

Communication media of a network refers to the transmission media or the connecting media used in the network. It can be broadly defined as anything that can carry information from source to destination. It refers to the physical media through which communication signal can be transmitted from one point to another.

Communication media can be divided into two broad category which are as follows.

Guided media or wired Technology

he data signal is guided media is bound by the cabling system that guides the data signal along a specific path. It consists of a cable composed of metals like Copper tin or silver.

Basically, De can be divided into three categories which are as follows

(1) Ethernet cable or twisted pair cable

MDS cable wire or twisted together which are surrounded by an insulating material and an outer layer called jacket stop, a twisted pair consists of two conductors of copper.

One of the devices is used to carry a signal to the receiver and the other is used only as a ground reference. It is used as a short distance communication that is local area network used to  twisted pair cable

(2) Co-axial Cable

Fiber Optical Cable

The surrounding core is a concentric layer of glass called the Cladding. Cladding is covered by a protective coating of plastic, known as Jacket.

Optical Fiber allows transmission over longer distance at higher bandwidth which is not agented by electromagnetic field. the speed of optical fiber is hundred of times faster than co-axil cables.

Unguided Media or Wireless Technologies

It is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of enhanced electrical conductors or wires. When the computers in a network are interconnected and data is transmitted through waves, then they are said to be connected through unguided media. Basically, they can be further divided into various categories which are as follows:

(i) Radio Wave Transmission

When two terminals communicate by using radio frequencies then such type of communication is known as radiowave transmission. This transmission is also known as Radio Frequency (RF) transmission.

These are omnidirectional, Radio Waves, particularly those waves that propagate in the sky mode, can travel long distances. Each computer attaches to an antenna that can both send and receive radio transmission.

Radiowave transmission set-up has two parts as follows:

Microwave Transmission

Bluetooth

Network Connection

There are mainly three ways of network connection:-

Dial- Up Connection

Broadband Connection

The term broadband commonly refers to high speed Internet access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access. It is the short form of broad bandwidth that uses a telephone line to connect to the Internet. Speed of broadband connection is measured in Mbps (Megabits per second).Broadband access allows users to connect to the Internet at greater speed than a standard 256 Kbps (Kilobits per second) modem or dial-up access. Broadband access requires the use of a broadband modem.

Broadband includes several high speed transmission technologies such as follows:

Wireless Connection

Wireless broadband connects a home or business to the Internet using a radio link between the customer’s location and the service provider’s facility. Wireless broadband can be mobile or fixed. Unlike DSL and cable, wireless broadband requires neither a modem nor cables. Some way to connect the internet wirelessly are as follows: